Solid electrolytic capacitor

ABSTRACT

A silver paste layer constituting a collector layer in a solid electrolytic capacitor includes first silver particles having a peak particle size of 150 nm or less, second silver particles having a peak particle size of 500 nm or more, inorganic particles composed of material different from silver, and resin material. The inorganic particles are included at a volume ratio of 15% or more and 50% or less with respect to the total of the first silver particles and the second silver particles.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a solid electrolytic capacitor. Inparticular, the present invention relates to a silver paste layerconstituting a collector layer formed on the solid electrolyte layer.

BACKGROUND ART

A solid electrolytic capacitor has a small size, a large capacity and alow equivalent series resistance (ESR). Thus, the solid electrolyticcapacitor is used at the periphery of the CPU in a personal computer.The solid electrolytic capacitor as described above has a capacitorelement and a pair of external terminals. The capacitor element has abase body composed of conductive material, a dielectric film formed onthis base body, a solid electrolyte layer formed on this dielectricfilm, and a collector layer formed on this solid electrolyte layer. Thepair of external terminals is electrically connected to the base bodyand the collector layer, respectively.

The collector layer has a carbon layer formed on the solid electrolytelayer, and a silver paste layer formed on this carbon layer. The silverpaste layer is formed by kneading silver particles having a peak size ofabout 1 μm, epoxy resin, and curing agent for example. In recent years,approaches are suggested to reduce the contact resistance between thesilver paste layer and the carbon layer to thereby reduce the ESR of theelectrolytic capacitor. As one of the approaches, mixing the silverpaste layer with small silver particles having a peak particle diameterof 1 to 100 nm to improve the contact with the carbon layer is proposed(e.g., Patent Literature 1).

The silver paste layer including small silver particles provides areduced contact resistance with the carbon layer. Thus, the silver pastelayer can have a reduced thickness with the same amount of silver.However, the silver paste layer having a reduced thickness causes ashorter oxygen permeation path. Thus, the solid electrolyte layer isincreasingly oxidized and deteriorated with time passage, orthermally-oxidized, thus resulting in an increased ESR.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

-   PTL 1: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2005-93741

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor having afurther-reduced ESR. The solid electrolytic capacitor of the presentinvention has a capacitor element, a first external terminal and asecond external terminal. The capacitor element has a base body composedof conductive material, a dielectric film formed on the base body, asolid electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric film, and a collectorlayer formed on the solid electrolyte layer including at least a silverpaste layer. The first external terminal is electrically connected tothe base body and the second external terminal is electrically connectedto the collector layer, respectively. The silver paste layer includesfirst silver particles having a peak particle size (diameter) of 150 nmor less, second silver particles having a peak particle size of 500 nmor greater, inorganic particles composed of material different fromsilver, and resin material. The inorganic particles are included at avolume ratio of 15% or more and 50% or less with respect to the total ofthe first silver particles and the second silver particles. By mixingthe silver paste layer with the inorganic particles at such a ratio, thesilver paste layer can have an increased thickness at a low cost and anoxygen permeation path can have a longer length. As a result, the solidelectrolytic capacitor can have a further-reduced ESR. In other words,according to the present invention, the solid electrolyte layer can besuppressed from being oxidized and the solid electrolytic capacitor canhave a further-reduced ESR while using the first silver particles havinga small size to reduce the contact resistance between the silver pastelayer and the carbon layer. The silver paste layer also may be formed toinclude first silver particles having a peak particle size of 150 nm orless obtained by surrounding the inorganic particles as a core withsilver, the second silver particles, and the resin material bothmentioned above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a solid electrolytic capacitoraccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2A is a top view illustrating a capacitor element used for thesolid electrolytic capacitor shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view illustrating the capacitor elementshown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between the silveradhesion amount and the ESR characteristic in the solid electrolyticcapacitor according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another solid electrolyticcapacitor according to the embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating solid electrolytic capacitor100 including laminated capacitor elements 1, according to an embodimentof the present invention. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are a top view and across-sectional view illustrating capacitor element 1 having a flatplate shape, respectively. In this embodiment, solid electrolyticcapacitor 100 using conductive polymer material as electrolyte will beexemplarily described.

Solid electrolytic capacitor 100 has capacitor elements 1, anodeterminal 10 as a first external terminal, and cathode terminal 11 as asecond external terminal. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, capacitor element1 has base body 2 composed of conductive material, dielectric film 3,solid electrolyte layer 6, and collector layer 7. Dielectric film 3 isformed on base body 2. Solid electrolyte layer 6 is formed on dielectricfilm 3. Collector layer 7 is formed on solid electrolyte layer 6.Collector layer 7 includes at least silver paste layer 9. Anode terminal10 is electrically connected to base body 2. Cathode terminal 11 iselectrically connected to collector layer 7.

Base body 2 and dielectric film 3 form an anode foil. On the anode foil,insulating section 5 is formed so as to press dielectric film 3.Insulating section 5 is provided for the separation between anodesection 4 and a cathode formation section (not shown) and is composed ofinsulating resin or an insulating tape, for example. On dielectric film3 of the cathode formation section, solid electrolyte layer 6 composedof conductive polymer and collector layer 7 are formed. Collector layer7 is composed of carbon layer 8 as a lower layer, and silver paste layer9 formed on carbon layer 8. Solid electrolyte layer 6 and collectorlayer 7 constitute the cathode of capacitor element 1.

In the example shown in FIG. 1, capacitor elements 1 are laminated.Anode sections 4 are respectively connected to anode terminal 10 by awelding technique such as a laser welding and a resistance welding.Collector layer 7 is connected to cathode terminal 11 by conductiveadhesive material.

Anode terminal 10 and cathode terminal 11 as well as capacitor elements1 are covered by exterior package 12 composed of insulating resin in anintegrated manner so that anode terminal 10 and cathode terminal 11 arepartially exposed at the outer surface, respectively. When a part ofanode terminal 10 and cathode terminal 11 exposed from exterior package12 is bent to the bottom face along exterior package 12, anode terminal10 and cathode terminal 11 are formed at the bottom face. In thismanner, surface-mounted solid electrolytic capacitor 100 is formed.

Base body 2 is an aluminum foil whose surface is roughened by etching,for example, so that the surface includes many holes. Base body 2 mayhave a flat surface, however, it is preferable that base body 2 has aroughened surface to have an increased capacity. Instead of etching, thesurface of base body 2 also can be roughened by vapor deposition,aerosol or the like so as to laminate fine particles of valve metal onbase body 2.

Dielectric film 3 is formed by anodically-oxidizing base body 2, forexample. In a case that base body 2 is an aluminum foil, dielectric film3 is composed of aluminum oxide. Instead of the anode oxidation,dielectric film 3 also may be formed by vapor deposition, plating, orthe like. In this case, in addition to aluminum oxide, dielectric film 3may be constituted by oxide or nitride (e.g., titanium nitride ortitanium oxide). Although the anode foil made of aluminum is described,valve metal material such as titanium, tantalum or the alloy materialthereof also may be used.

Silver paste layer 9 includes first silver particles, second silverparticles, inorganic particles composed of material different fromsilver, and resin material. The first silver particles have a peakparticle size (diameter) of 150 nm or less. The second silver particleshave a peak particle size of 500 nm or greater. The resin material iscomposed of epoxy resin and curing agent, for example. The silver pastelayer 9 is mainly composed of the silver components constituting thefirst silver particles and the second silver particles. The inorganicparticles may be, for example, silica, glass, alumina, or graphite.

The silver paste material as described above is diluted by diluent suchas terpineol so as to be coatable. Then, the resultant silver paste iscoated on solid electrolyte layer 6 and is cured at about 200° C. for 10minutes, thereby forming silver paste layer 9. Carbon layer 8 providedunder silver paste layer 9 may be omitted.

The following section will describe the effect of silver paste layer 9in solid electrolytic capacitor 100. Silver paste layer 9 includes theinorganic particles. By mixing the low-cost inorganic particles insilver paste layer 9 as described above, the thickness of silver pastelayer 9 can be maintained at a low cost and the length of the oxygenpermeation path can be elongated. As a result, solid electrolyticcapacitor 100 can have a further-reduced ESR.

From the viewpoint as described above, it is necessary that theinorganic particles be included at a volume ratio of 15% or more and 50%or less with respect to the total of the first and second silverparticles. If the inorganic particles are included in a smaller amount,the above-described effect is suppressed from being achieved. If thevolume ratio exceeds 50%, the conducting network of the silvercomponents is influenced and silver paste layer 9 itself has anincreased resistivity. As a result, the ESR is increased.

The inorganic particles may be formed by any material that can endure areflow temperature, including insulating and conductive materials. Theinorganic particles also may be organic material if the above conditionsare satisfied. However, inorganic particles are more easily obtained inreality. Since organic material has a linear expansion coefficienthigher than that of inorganic material, there is a risk in which organicmaterial causes the silver particles to peel from one another in silverpaste layer 9 when heated.

When surface-mounted solid electrolytic capacitor 100 is mounted on acircuit board (not shown), solid electrolytic capacitor 100 is subjectedto a high temperature of about 260° C. in the reflow step. During thereflow step, the inorganic particles, which have a higher melting pointthan that of resin of organic material, can retain the shapes in silverpaste layer 9. Thus, silver paste layer 9 can be suppressed from beingdeformed even during the reflow step, oxygen permeation can besuppressed, and the oxidation of solid electrolyte layer 6 due to theheat can be suppressed. As a result, reliability in view of the ESR canhave improved.

It is preferable that carbon layer 8 and silver paste layer 9 have areduced energy barrier therebetween to thereby reduce the resistance atthe interface therebetween. Thus, the inorganic particles are preferablyconducting material. Graphite constituting carbon layer 8 is preferablein particular.

As described above, the first silver particles have a peak particle size(diameter) of 150 nm or less and the second silver particles have a peakparticle size of 500 nm or greater. By using the two types of silverparticles having different peak particle sizes as described above, solidelectrolytic capacitor 100 can have a reduced ESR and a reduced cost.Specifically, the first silver particles having a smaller size canreduce the contact resistance with carbon layer 8 and the second silverparticle having a larger size can reduce the cost and the specificresistance of silver paste layer 9.

The first silver particles preferably have a peak particle size of 10 nmor more. Silver particle may be manufactured by a physical method ofpulverizing bulk metal or a chemical manufacturing method of formingmetal atoms out of ions or complexes as a precursor to aggregate themetal atoms. The chemical manufacturing method is more suitable toprepare fine silver particles. However, to prepare the first silverparticles having a peak particle size smaller than 10 nm, such a size ispractically difficult to be formed even by the chemical manufacturingmethod and requires a high production cost. Thus, the first silverparticles preferably have a peak particle size of 10 nm or more.

The second silver particles preferably have a peak particle size of 5 μmor less. The peak particle exceeding Sum causes a larger gap between theparticles. This means that the first silver particles in a higher amountare required in order to fill such gaps to connect the second fineparticles, thus resulting in a higher cost.

The inorganic particles have a peak particle size of about 50 nm orgreater and about 500 nm or less, for example. The inorganic particlespreferably have a smaller peak particle size than that of the secondsilver particles because the specific resistance of silver paste layer 9can be maintained at a low level.

The weight ratio between the total of the silver components of the firstsilver particles and the second silver particles and epoxy resin is90:10, for example. In other words, the silver components are includedat a weight ratio of 90 wt % of the total of the silver components andthe resin components. As described above, the silver components arepreferably included at a weight ratio of 70 wt % or more and 95 wt % orless with respect to the total of the silver components and the resincomponents because the specific resistance of silver paste layer 9 canbe maintained at a low level.

When assuming that the total of the first silver particles and thesecond silver particles is 100 wt %, it is preferable that the firstsilver particles are included at a ratio of 10 wt % or more and 60 wt %or less. The reason is that the contact resistance with carbon layer 8can be maintained at a low level and the specific resistance of silverpaste layer 9 can be maintained at a low level.

The following section will describe the result of the experiment on thevolume ratio of the inorganic particles to the total of the first silverparticles and the second silver particles. In this experiment, the firstsilver particles having a peak particle size of 100 nm and the secondsilver particles having a peak particle size of 3000 nm are used. Thefirst silver particles are included at a ratio of 50 wt % with respectto the total of the silver components. In other words, the second silverparticles are included at a ratio of 50 wt % in the total of the silvercomponents. Graphite having a peak particle size of 500 nm is alsoincluded as the inorganic particles. The silver components are includedat a weight ratio of 90 wt % with respect to the total of the silvercomponents and the resin components of epoxy resin.

FIG. 3 shows the result of an exemplary example regarding therelationship between the thickness of silver paste layer 9 and the heatresistance (a change in ESR characteristic) under the above-describedconditions where the inorganic particles are included at a volume ratioof 25% with respect to the total of the first silver particles and thesecond silver particles. FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating therelationship between the silver adhesion amount and the ESRcharacteristic in a piece of capacitor element 1 using silver pastelayer 9. There is a correlation between the silver adhesion amount andthe thickness of the silver paste layer. Thus, an increase of the silveradhesion amount means an increase of the thickness of silver paste layer9. The ESR of 100 kHz is measured by a precision impedance analyzer(4294A made by Agilent). As shown in FIG. 2A, capacitor element 1 ofwhich ESR is measured has a rectangular shape. Silver paste layer 9 haswidth d₁ of 4 mm in the long axis direction of capacitor element 1 andhas width d₂ of 3 mm in the short axis direction. Anode section 4 haswidth d₃ of 2 mm in the long axis direction of the capacitor element.

FIG. 3 also shows the result of a comparison example in addition to theabove exemplary example. In the comparison example, another silver pastelayer is used. The silver paste layer includes no inorganic particlesbut includes the first silver particles, the second silver particles,and the epoxy resin at the same ratio as in the exemplary example. Theinitial ESR and the ESR after a heat resistance test are measured bothfor the exemplary example and the comparison example. In the heatresistance test, the samples are left in air at 125° C. for 250 hours.

In FIG. 3, the vertical axis shows the relative values of the ESRcharacteristics of the samples based on the initial ESR of a samplehaving the smallest silver adhesion amount (a sample having the thinnestsilver paste layer) in the comparison example. The horizontal axis showsthe relative values of the silver adhesion amounts of the respectivesamples based on the silver adhesion amount of a sample having thesmallest silver adhesion amount (a sample having the thinnest silverpaste layer) in the comparison example.

As can be seen from FIG. 3, in the case of the comparison example, theESR before the heat resistance test shows no change even when the silveradhesion amount (i.e., the thickness of the silver paste layer) changesand the ESR is maintained at a low value. The ESR after the heatresistance test on the other hand shows a larger change as the silveradhesion amount is smaller. In contrast with this, in the case of theexemplary example, the ESR characteristic shows substantially no changedepending on a change in the silver adhesion amount both before andafter the heat resistance test.

As can be seen from the above, in the case of the exemplary example inwhich the inorganic particles of graphite are added, the timedegradation of the ESR characteristic can be suppressed even when thesilver adhesion amount is reduced. The reason is that the inorganicparticles mixed in silver paste layer 9 can increase the thickness ofsilver paste layer 9 without using high-cost silver material. This canconsequently provide a longer oxygen permeation path and can suppressthe oxidation degradation of solid electrolyte layer 6. As a result, theESR can be suppressed from increasing as time passes. Furthermore, theuse of the first silver particles can reduce the contact resistancebetween silver paste layer 9 and carbon layer 8 even when inorganicparticles having a lower electric conductivity than that of silver areincluded.

Next, the following section will describe an appropriate volume ratio ofinorganic particles of graphite with respect to the total of the firstsilver particles and the second silver particles. Table 1 showsdifferent volume ratios of the inorganic particles with respect to thetotal of the first silver particles and the second silver particles.Based on these different volume ratios shown in Table 1, pastes areprepared using terpineol and coated and dried on glass plates to preparetest pieces. The test pieces are measured with regard to the specificresistance and the contact resistance based on the measurement method asdescribed below.

With regard to the specific resistance, the surface resistance ismeasured and calculated by pushing the probe of a resistivity meter(LORESTA GP MCP-T600 made by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) onto thesurface of the silver paste.

The contact resistance is measured by firstly pushing resistancemeasurement terminals to the formed silver paste layer with apredetermined gap therebetween, and the resistance (total resistance) ismeasure. By plotting the total resistances for the respective gaps tocalculate a proportional relationship thereamong, the point having azero gap can be estimated as a contact resistance. The total resistanceis measured by a digital multi-meter (34401A made by Agilent). The gapdistance is measured by a digital microscope (KH-3000 made by HIROX).

After subjecting these test pieces to air at 125° C. for 50 to 280hours, the contact resistance and the specific resistance are similarlymeasured. The results thereof are also shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Graphite addition Specific resistance Contact resistance amount:Volume (μΩ · cm) (Ω) ratio (%) when Film Heat resistance Heat resistanceassuming that silver thickness Initial at 125° C. Initial at 125° C. is100% (μm) 0 H 50 H 120 H 280 H 0 H 50 H 120 H 280 H 0 21 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.50.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 15 28 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.5 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 25 3011.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 40 29 22.2 22.1 22.2 22.2 0.210.21 0.21 0.21 50 30 35.1 35 35.3 35.2 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24

As can be seen from the results shown in Table 1, when the inorganicparticles are included at a volume ratio of 15% to 40% with respect tothe total of the first silver particles and the second silver particles,the specific resistance is lower than 25 μΩ·cm and the bulk resistanceof the silver paste layer 9 is maintained at a low level. When theinorganic particles are included at a volume ratio of 50% with respectto the total of the first silver particles and the second silverparticles, the specific resistance slightly increases to 35.1 μΩ·cm. Onthe other hand, the contact resistance is maintained at a low level ofabout 0.2 when the inorganic particles are included at a volume ratio of15% to 50% with respect to the total of the first silver particles andthe second silver particles. These tendencies are also observed afterthe storage at a high temperature.

The ESR characteristic of capacitor element 1 is more influenced by theresistance of the interface with solid electrolyte layer 6 or carbonlayer 8 than by the bulk resistance of silver paste layer 9. Thus, it ispreferable that the inorganic particles are included at a volume ratioof 15% or more and 50% or less with respect to the total of the firstsilver particles and the second silver particles and silver paste layer9 has an increased thickness. By the configuration as described above,capacitor element 1 can presumably be suppressed, as in the exemplaryexample shown in FIG. 3, from having a deteriorated ESR characteristic.When the inorganic particles are included at a volume ratio of 15% ormore and 40% or less with respect to the total of the first silverparticles and the second silver particles, it is considered that thespecific resistance also can be reduced and thus a lower ESR can beobtained.

Solid electrolytic capacitor 100 shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 2B isconfigured so that base body 2 is composed of aluminum and solidelectrolyte layer 6 is composed of conductive polymer. Alternatively,silver paste layer 9 can be applied to solid electrolytic capacitor 200of tantalum as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional viewillustrating another solid electrolytic capacitor 200 according to theembodiment of the present invention. In solid electrolytic capacitor200, anode 13 is composed of sintered tantalum and has dielectric film14 thereon. Solid electrolyte layer 15 and collector layer 16 are formedand laminated on dielectric film 14 in this order. Solid electrolytelayer 15 is composed of manganese dioxide or conductive polymer.Collector layer 16 can be silver paste layer 9 in FIG. 2B.

The inorganic particles also may be a core of the first silverparticles. In other words, the inorganic particles on the order ofnanometer as a core may be surrounded by deposited or layered silver tothereby form a silver layer, thereby constituting the first silverparticles. The silver paste layer in this case also has the aboveconfiguration, namely silver paste layer includes the first silverparticles having a peak particle size of 10 nm or more and 150 nm orless, the second silver particles having a peak particle size of 500 nmor more and 5 μm or less, and the resin material. The first silverparticles and the second silver particles are included at a ratio of 70wt % or more as main components in the silver paste layer.

This configuration can suppress an increased cost even when the firstsilver particles of an increased volume are included. Thus, the oxygenpermeation path can have a longer path while reducing the contactresistance between silver paste layer 9 and the lower layer (carbonlayer), thus achieving a low ESR characteristic. In particular, theinorganic particles surrounded by the silver layer can achieve a low ESRcharacteristic, even when the inorganic particles are included in anamount exceeding 20% volume ratio with respect to the total volume ofthe first silver particles and the second silver particles.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The silver paste layer according to the present invention is useful fora solid electrolytic capacitor having a low ESR characteristic.

REFERENCE MARKS IN THE DRAWINGS

-   1 Capacitor element-   2 Base body-   3 Dielectric film-   4 Anode section-   5 Insulating section-   6 Solid electrolyte layer-   7 Collector layer-   8 Carbon layer-   9 Silver paste layer-   10 Anode terminal (first external terminal)-   11 Cathode terminal (second external terminal)-   12 Exterior package-   13 Anode-   14 Dielectric film-   15 Solid electrolyte layer-   16 Collector layer-   100, 200 Solid electrolytic capacitor

1. A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising: a capacitor element havinga base body composed of conductive material, a dielectric film formed onthe base body, a solid electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric film,and a collector layer formed on the solid electrolyte layer andincluding at least a silver paste layer; a first external terminalelectrically connected to the base body; and a second external terminalelectrically connected to the collector layer, wherein the silver pastelayer includes: first silver particles having a peak particle size of150 nm or less; second silver particles having a peak particle size of500 nm or more; inorganic particles composed of material different fromsilver; and resin material, wherein the inorganic particles are includedat a volume ratio of 15% or more and 50% or less with respect to thetotal of the first silver particles and the second silver particles. 2.The solid electrolytic capacitor according to claim 1, wherein theinorganic particles are graphite, and the inorganic particles areincluded at a volume ratio of 15% or more and 40% or less with respectto the total of the first silver particles and the second silverparticles.
 3. The solid electrolytic capacitor according to claim 1,wherein a particle size distribution of the inorganic particles has apeak value lower than that of a particle size distribution of the secondsilver particles.
 4. A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising: acapacitor element having a base body composed of conductive material, adielectric film formed on the base body, a solid electrolyte layerformed on the dielectric film, and a collector layer formed on the solidelectrolyte layer and including at least a silver paste layer; a firstexternal terminal electrically connected to the base body; and a secondexternal terminal electrically connected to the collector layer, whereinthe silver paste layer includes: first silver particles having a peakparticle size of 150 nm or less; second silver particles having a peakparticle size of 500 nm or more; and resin material, wherein the firstsilver particles are particles obtained by surrounding inorganicparticles as a core with a silver layer.
 5. The solid electrolyticcapacitor according claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles areconductive.
 6. The solid electrolytic capacitor according claim 3,wherein the inorganic particles are conductive.